Strategia

This series of articles offers a deeper understanding of the current situation in light of the past, steering clear of impassioned, ideological or romanticized narratives that miss the mark on reality. In this context, we leave it to the reader to draw the appropriate conclusions. The previous fifteen installments retraced the events surrounding Hezbollah’s rise to power from the Taif Agreement through to its show of force on May 7, 2008. The positions of the Gulf Arab states converged toward détente with Iran following Hezbollah’s show of force in Beirut on May 7, 2008, after years of strained relations with Tehran. However, this détente lasted only three years and came to an end following the outbreak of the war in Syria in 2011.

This second installment in a four-part series examines the formation and early implications of the Mecca Pact, a trilateral alliance between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan. From the Saudi-Pakistani “Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement” (SMDA) to the Istanbul summit, the analysis traces the gradual development of a collective security framework in the face of Iranian ambitions, regional realignments, and the limits of U.S. leadership. The article also explores how Saudi financial, technological, and military resources complement those of the other two members, as well as the challenges of institutionalizing the alliance.

This series of articles offers a deeper understanding of the current situation in light of the past, steering clear of impassioned, ideological or romanticized narratives that miss the mark on reality. Our approach aims to leave it to the reader to draw the appropriate conclusions. The previous fourteen installments retraced the events surrounding Hezbollah's rise to power, its armed conflicts with Israel and its dominance over Lebanon, from the Taif Agreement to the Doha Agreement. May 2008, the mountain after Beirut. On May 7, 2008, Hezbollah and its allies (the Amal Movement and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, SSNP) forcibly took over the offices of Saad Hariri's Future Movement in Beirut, along with much of the capital's Sunni neighborhoods, which formed the popular base of the March 14 coalition.

This first article in a four-part series on the Mecca Pact explores how Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan converged and crossed a major strategic threshold by signing the Mecca Pact on August 7, 2026. Born out of rising regional tensions and the erosion of American security guarantees, this collective defense agreement could mark the emergence of a new autonomous security architecture at the heart of the Sunni world. Mecca is, without question, a highly symbolic venue for the signing of a pact. On August 7, 2026, the Al-Safa Palace in Mecca became the stage for a historic event whose shockwaves are reshaping regional and Asian geopolitics. Beneath the ceilings of this residence overlooking the Kaaba, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS), Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif sealed an alliance that has come to be known as the Mecca Pact.

This series of articles aims to provide a clearer understanding of the current situation on the Lebanese scene, viewed through the lens of history and free from passionate, ideological, or romanticized narratives that miss the realities on the ground — leaving readers to draw their own conclusions. The previous thirteen installments offered a reexamination of the events surrounding Hezbollah's rise to power, from the Taif Agreement through the incomplete implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1701 in 2006. Since the end of the 33-day war with Israel in 2006, Hezbollah has worked to rebuild itself in terms of weaponry, reorganization, and redeployment. In short, it took a serious blow during that war, yet surprised Israel with its military capabilities. Over the following two years, it grew into a genuine armed force of regional stature, thanks to four key factors: battlefield experience; Iranian support; the Syrian land bridge (under the Assad regime) linking Tehran to Beirut; and the understanding between its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah and Lebanese President Emile Lahoud at the time.

In the NATO 3.0 framework that emerged from the Ankara summit (July 7-8), the Alliance has strengthened its ability to simultaneously address a continental threat in the East (Russia) and hybrid instability (terrorism, migration crises, military conflicts) on its Mediterranean and Middle Eastern flanks. For this second dimension, NATO is now relying on Ankara, which has not only become a major arms supplier to member states but has also established itself as a mediator between the West and the Moscow-Tehran axis. Turkey has refused to sever ties with Russia and Iran while containing the former in the Black Sea and the Caucasus, and the latter in Syria and Lebanon.

This series of articles aims to provide a clearer understanding of the current situation on the Lebanese political scene in light of the past, free from passionate, ideological, or romanticized narratives that miss the underlying realities, leaving readers to draw their own conclusions. The previous twelve installments offered a reexamination of the events surrounding Hezbollah's rise to power, from the Taif Agreement through the deeply flawed implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1701 in 2006. Two years before the 33-day war of 2006, and more specifically on September 3, 2004, under direct pressure from Bashar al-Assad's Syria, the Lebanese Parliament extended President Émile Lahoud's term by three years.

This series of articles is intended to shed light on the current situation through the lens of the past, far removed from passionate, ideological or romantic narratives that overlook the underlying realities. It is up to the reader to draw the appropriate conclusions. The previous eleven instalments revisited the events surrounding Hezbollah’s rise to power, from the Taif Agreement to the severely incomplete implementation of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1701 in 2006. From the very first Israeli withdrawal in May 2000, Lebanese President Emile Lahoud (1998-2007) and Hezbollah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah reached a fundamental understanding: the Lebanese state would legitimize Hezbollah, and in return, the movement would formally commit to respecting the country’s institutions and refrain from using its weapons in domestic political disputes. It would later become clear that the pledge was not only short-lived – it collapsed on May 7, 2008, when Hezbollah seized Beirut by force – but that its arsenal had, all along, exerted decisive influence over national decision-making.

July 8, 2026 will go down as a pivotal date in the history of the Atlantic Alliance. The "Ankara Declaration," published at the close of the NATO summit held in Turkey, highlighted a profound transformation — technological, financial, and geopolitical alike. This shift to NATO 3.0 refocuses the organization on a doctrine of informational superiority and high-intensity territorial defense, with Turkey affirming itself as the southern cornerstone. A financial revolution: the Bank for Defence and Resilience One of the summit's most innovative aspects is its response to the financial challenges of rearmament. Although the European Union established the 150-billion-euro SAFE fund (Security Action for Europe) for defence in 2025 — from which Canada and Turkey are excluded — the Atlantic Alliance had to find its own solution to bring these countries on board. Against a backdrop where member states are committing to raising defence spending to as much as 5% of GDP, nine countries — including Turkey and Canada — announced the creation of the Bank for Defence, Security and Resilience .

On July 8, 2026, Ankara became the scene of a strategic turning point for European and transatlantic collective defense. While President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan presiding, the opening of the 48-hour summit at the Beştepe Presidential Complex marked the official launch of what many officials and analysts are already calling “NATO 3.0.” The summit goes beyond diplomatic protocol: it reorients the Alliance’s institutional priorities in response to a range of challenges, including the protracted war in Ukraine, simmering tensions with Iran, the persistent threat of terrorism, and mounting concern over successive waves of migration.